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Deobandi
Deobandi (Pashto and (ペルシア語:دیو بندی), , (ベンガル語:দেওবন্দ), (ヒンディー語:देवबन्दी)) is a revivalist movement within Sunni (primarily Hanafi) Islam.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=India )〕 It is centered in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh, has recently spread to the United Kingdom, and has a presence in South Africa. The name derives from Deoband, India, where the school Darul Uloom Deoband is situated. The movement was inspired by the spirit of scholar Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762), and was founded in 1867 in the wake of a failed revolt against British rule a decade earlier.〔Brannon Ingram (University of North Carolina), (Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism ), p 478.〕
==History==
The movement developed as a reaction to British colonialism in India, which was believed by a group of prominent Indian scholars — consisting of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi, Shah Rafi al-Din, Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Zulfiqar Ali, Fadhl al-Rahman Usmani and Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi — to be corrupting the Islamic religion. They therefore founded an Islamic seminary known as Darul Uloom Deoband.〔Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, p 626. ISBN 0521779332〕 From here the Islamic revivalist and anti-imperialist ideology of the Deobandis began to develop.〔(The Six Great Ones ) at (Darul Uloom Deoband )〕 Gradually Darul Uloom Deoband became the second largest focal point of Islamic teachings and research after the Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. Through organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and Tablighi Jamaat its ideology began to spread and the graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband from countries like Saudi Arabia, China and Malaysia opened up thousands of madrasas throughout South Asia, specifically in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Toward the independence of India, Deobandis advocated a notion of composite nationalism according to which Hindus and Muslims constituted one nation and thus were united in the struggle against the British. In 1919 a large group of Deobandi scholars formed the political party Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and opposed the Pakistan Movement. A minority group joined Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Muslim League, forming Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam in 1945.〔A History of Pakistan and Its Origins By Christophe Jaffrelot page 224〕
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